Phosphorous

The plasma concentration of inorganic phosphate is determined by parathyroid gland function, action of vitamin D, intestinal absorption, renal function, bone metabolism, and nutrition. 

Normal Range: 2.5-4.5 mg/dL

increased in: Renal failure, massive blood transfusion, sarcoidosis, neoplasms, adrenal insufficiency, acromegaly, hypoparathyroidism, hypervitaminosis D, phosphate infusions or enemas, osteolytic metastases to bone, leukemia, milk-alkali syndrome, healing bone fractures, pseudohypoparathyroidism, diabetes mellitus with ketosis, malignant hyperpyrexia, cirrhosis, lactic acidosis, respiratory acidosis. Drugs: eg, anabolic steroids, ergocalciferol, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide and others. 

 

Decreased in: Hyperparathyroidism, hypovitaminosis D (rickets, osteomalacia), malabsorption (steatorrhea); malnutrition, starvation or cachexia; GH deficiency, chronic alcoholism, severe diarrhea, vomiting, nasogastric suction, severe hypercalcemia (any cause), acute gout, osteoblastic metatases to bone, severe burns (diuretic phase), respiratory alkalosis, hyperalimentation with inadequate phosphate repletion, carbohydrate administration (intravenous), renal tubular acidosis and other renal tubular defects, diabetic ketoacidosis (during recovery), acid-base disturbances, hypokalemia, pregnancy, hypothyroidism; prolonged use of thiazides, glucose infusion, salicylates (toxicity). Drugs: eg, phosphate-binding antacids, anticonvulsants, estrogens, isoniazid, oral contraceptives.